标题: [2007.4.26] TELECOMS：A sense of things to come [打印本页] 作者: 一切都不存在 时间: 2007-4-30 18:45 标题: [2007.4.26] TELECOMS：A sense of things to come
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A sense of things to come
未来预感
Apr 26th 2007
From The Economist print edition
Sensors can keep a remote eye on almost anything
传感器几乎能遥控一切
[attach]2443[/attach] 漫画作者：贝尔•梅勒（Belle Mellor）
THE military uses for wireless technology are persuasive. For example, pilots can fly above a war zone and drop thousands of small wireless sensors, the size of a small pebble and costing a dollar apiece, over the terrain. As soon as they settle the devices start communicating with each other, weaving themselves into a dense digital mesh. They pick up vibration and sound, so they can identify advancing troops. The sensors can also detect the presence of nuclear, chemical or biological agents. The information they pick up is relayed to a satellite. For power, they “scavenge” energy from the environment, using solar energy or temperature changes.
无线技术的军事用途令人信服。例如：飞行员可以飞到交战地带上方，在该地带扔下几千个小型无线传感器——它们每个都只有小鹅卵石那么大，成本仅有一美元。当它们落下以后，这些设备就开始相互通信、自行编织成一个密集的数字网络。它们采集振动和声音信息，这样就能够识别前进中的军队。传感器也能侦测到核物质、化学物质或是生物物质的存在。它们采集的信息将被转发到人造卫星上。至于动力，它们会利用太阳能或是温度变化从环境中“捡”一点能量。
The civilian uses are equally impressive. Forest rangers can drop the sensors from aeroplanes to detect fires, showing their exact location and how fast and in what direction they are spreading. Smaller versions the size of grains of rice can be used by airlines in the innards of aircraft to check for the presence of large insects or rodents that might interfere with the wiring. Still smaller versions the size of specks of salt can be added to paint, turning entire surfaces into wireless sensors that can detect motion or act as smoke alarms or security systems.
民用无线技术同样令人印象深刻。护林员可以从飞机上扔下传感器来探测火情——准确的方位和扩散的速度、方向。小一点如米粒大小的传感器可以被航空公司用于在飞机内部检查是否存在可能干扰线路的大昆虫或啮齿动物。更小一点如盐粒大小的传感器可以被掺入油漆中，把整个表面变成无线传感器——可以侦测物体的运动或是担当烟雾警报器、安全系统。
The trouble is that as yet such sensors do not exist. But a lot of practical work is already going into making them a reality. A version of the military scenario above, for instance, was rehearsed in an experiment in March 2001 at an American Marine Corps base in California. Around a dozen nodes the size of a matchbook were released by a miniature unmanned aircraft. They were able to measure the speed and direction of vehicles from ground vibrations. This proved that the technology, although still at an early stage, was viable.
问题是到目前为止这些传感器并不存在。但许多实际工作已使它们逐渐变得现实起来。例如，前面所述的军用设想曾于2001年3月在加利福尼亚的一个美国海军陆战队基地举行的试验里排演过。一架微型无人驾驶飞机释放出大约12个火柴纸夹大小的节点。这些节点可以从地面的振动测量出车辆的速度和方向。这表明：该技术尽管仍处于萌芽阶段，但确是可行的。
The military experiment was supported by America's Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) and arose from a programme called “smart dust” at the University of California at Berkeley in the 1990s. It created some of the technical foundations needed for sensor networking, such as a pared-down computer operating system, database and protocol for sensors to send traffic (but “sleep” as much as possible to prolong battery life). The technologies are open standards, so may be used freely by other firms, just as the underlying protocol of the internet is open.
军用实验源自于上世纪90年代伯克利加利福尼亚大学一个叫做“智能尘埃”的项目，并获得了美国国防高级研究项目局(DARPA)的支持。它创造了传感器网络必需的一些技术基础，例如：一个经过删减的计算机操作系统、传感器传送通信数据的数据库和协议（但为了延长电池寿命尽可能的“休眠”）。就像因特网的基本协议是公开的一样，这些技术也是开放的标准。因此其它公司也可以自由的使用这些技术。
With DARPA's early support a gaggle of companies have emerged, such as Dust Networks, Arch Rock and Moteiv (from research at Berkeley) and Ember (based on work at MIT). Other companies, such as Crossbow Technology, Millennial Net, Sensicast, Tranzeo and MicroStrain, are applying the innovations to their existing technologies. Wireless-sensor technology is now moving out of military testing grounds and into the commercial world. It is used for things like monitoring and controlling industrial machinery, automatic temperature regulation in buildings and keeping tabs on the environment.
在国防高级研究项目局(DARPA)的早期支持下，一群公司崭露头角，这其中有：尘埃网络(Dust Networks)、拱石（Arch Rock）、摩蒂夫（Moteiv，来自伯克利的研究项目）、余烬（Ember，基于麻省理工学院的研究工作）。其它的公司，诸如：石弓科技（Crossbow Technology）、千年网络（Millennial Net）、Sensicast、 Tranzeo、微胁变（MicroStrain），正把这些创新应用到他们现有的技术中。无线传感器技术正走出军用测试场，开始进入商界。它得到了广泛的应用：监测和控制工业机器、建筑物温度调节和监测环境。
Whereas M2M communications generally involve wireless devices attached to equipment such as cars or vending machines that link up to the cellular system, sensor networks use small chips that are often embedded into the device and use a local-area network that may never connect to a larger one such as the cellular system or the internet. For the moment the sensors are not yet widely deployed: the technology is still maturing and customers need convincing that it is worth having. But the idea is gaining momentum. Once the volume goes up, prices will come down and follow-on innovation will speed its adoption.
尽管机器—机器通信一般包括无线装置——这些装置附在汽车或是自动贩卖机这样的设备上并且连接入蜂窝系统，传感器网络却使用一般植入装置的小芯片和也许从不接入像蜂窝系统或是因特网这样更大网络的局域网。目前传感器尚未得到广泛的运用：技术还在继续成熟，还得让消费者相信它值得拥有。但这种想法的势头在上升。一旦数量增加，价格就会下降，后继的创新也将加速人们对它的采用。
A good place to get a glimpse of new wireless technologies in action is BP's Cherry Point Refinery in Blaine, Washington. Built in 1971 on almost four square miles (10 sq km), it has a daily throughput of 225,000 barrels of crude oil. The site also produces 8% of the world's calcined coke, which finds its way into one out of every six aluminium cans. Modernising the plant to keep it efficient is costly; BP says it has spent nearly $500m on this over the past ten years. Fields of tanks need to be monitored for operational, safety and environmental purposes. But snaking wires across such a huge area is expensive.
让我们到华盛顿州布莱恩英国石油公司（BP）的切里波因特炼油厂去一瞥正在使用的新无线技术的风采。该厂建于1971年，占地4平方英里（合10平方公里），每天可加工225000桶原油。该厂产出的煅烧过的焦炭占世界总产量的8%,无意间每6个铝罐就有一个是用其炼成的。让工厂现代化来使它保持高效率花费巨大；英国石油公司（BP）声称在过去的十年里它已在这上面花费近5亿美元。为了操作、安全和环境目的，油罐区必须得到监控。但在这样大的区域铺设电缆耗资巨大。
New wireless technologies are critical, explains Tim Shooter, who works on future technology at BP. They allow more operations to be monitored and controlled and save money at the same time. The average refinery has around 3,000 “instrumentation points” where data on things like temperature, flow, humidity and vibration are collected; managers would be even happier with 10,000 points if only they were less pricey. The cost of the basic monitoring devices ranges from $1,000 to $10,000 apiece. Although adding wireless functions to these sensors almost doubles that cost, it reduces the price of installation by 50-90%—and installation makes up most of the total cost. By upgrading some processes to wireless systems, Mr Shooter believes each refinery will be able to save at least $1m a year.
蒂姆•舒特在英国石油公司（BP）做未来技术方面的工作，他解释说：新的无线技术至关重要。它们使更多的操作得到监测和控制，同时也省了钱。一般的炼油厂有约3000个用于采集温度、流量、湿度和振动等数据的“仪表使用点”；要是再便宜点的话，经理们情愿安装1万个“仪表使用点”。每件基本监测装置的价格从1千美元到1万美元不等。尽管给这些传感器增加无线功能使得价钱几乎翻了一番，但这却使安装的费用减少了50-90%——而安装费用占总费用的大部分。舒特先生相信通过把一些生产过程升级到无线系统这个方法每个炼油厂将会每年节省至少1百万美元。
Getting better all the time
一直在进步
Until a few years ago wireless technology was not up to the job. The “big leap forward”, says Mr Shooter, is that the new technologies are far more reliable in hostile industrial conditions and the communications protocols are more intelligent.
几年以前无线技术还不能胜任这项工作。舒特先生说：“一个‘向前的巨大飞跃’就在于新技术在恶劣的工业环境中更加可靠、通信协议更加智能化。”
One notable innovation is “ad-hoc mesh networking” in which each node on the network—eg, a sensor on a water pump—is both a transmitter and a receiver and can join the network whenever required. Earlier wireless technologies assumed that sensors would send data to a specific receiver, in a hub-and-spoke fashion. This had many drawbacks. For a start, it made the system inflexible. If you added a new node, the whole system had to be reconfigured and the network became harder to manage. And if a central receiver failed, the whole system collapsed.
一个著名的创新是“专门（ad-hoc）网状网络”，这个网络里的每个节点——例如，一台抽水机上的一个传感器——既是发射机也是接收机，并且需要时随时可以连接网络。早期的无线技术假定传感器以星型模式将数据发送到一个特定的接收机上。这有很多的缺点。首先，它使得系统僵化。假如你要添加一个新的节点，整个系统不得不重新配置，网络也变得更加难以管理。假如中心接收机坏了的话，整个系统就崩溃了。
The newer technology remedies these faults. Each node can relay traffic to other devices, creating an interlocking web. It needs less power because the data travel only a small distance to another node. It is self-organising and self-healing. If one node goes down, the system finds an alternative path for the traffic. And the more devices are attached, the more efficient and resilient the network becomes.
更新的技术矫正了这些缺陷。每个节点都能将通信信息转送给其它设备，这就创造了一个联锁网络。因为数据传送到另一个节点只需很短的距离，该网络需要的能量就更少。它的特点是自组织、自愈合。假如一个节点坏了，系统就会找到另一个传输信息的通道。网络上连接的设备越多，该网络就会越有效率、越有弹性。
Factory controls like those at BP are obviously useful, but they do not add up to a volume business. A good example of a large-scale application is building management. Thanks to wireless communications, lighting, heating and air-conditioning can be controlled centrally to keep energy bills down. So when a guest checks out of a hotel the receptionist can adjust the air-conditioning to stop it needlessly chilling the furniture. This could also be done through a wired system, but wireless technology offers lower installation costs and greater flexibility.
像英国石油公司（BP）那样的工厂控制显然是有用的，但它们并没有多大的业务量。一个大规模应用的好例子是建筑物管理。由于无线通信的应用，照明、暖气、空调能够在中心进行控制，能耗的费用就会降低。这样当客人付账离开旅馆时，接待员就可以调节空调使其不至于毫无用处的冷却家具。有线系统当然也可以做到这一点，但无线技术所需的安装费用更低，也更加灵活。
Guest appearance
顾客出现
Some firms are installing such systems in older buildings as well as integrating them into new ones. Riga Development, a wireless-technology firm in Toronto, has worked with hotels in Canada and the United States to replace ageing analogue thermostats with digital ones that are around 35% more energy-efficient. It wirelessly links the new temperature-control panels with heating and air-conditioning units, at a cost of around $350 per room. Each room can also be controlled from the front desk. And thanks to the wireless mesh network, the panel in each room also acts as a relay for the data traffic from other rooms back to a central control point.
一些公司在给新建筑物安装这样的系统时，也在旧建筑内这样做。里加发展（Riga Development）是一家多伦多的无线技术公司，它正在与加拿大和美国的旅馆合作用数字恒温器替代老化的模拟恒温器，这将使能源使用效率提高大约35%。它将新的温度控制面板与暖气和空调装置进行无线连接，每个房间的花费约为350美元。前台也可以对每个房间进行控制。而且由于无线网状网络，每个房间的面板也担当了从其它房间回到中心控制点的数据通信的中继。
At a medium-sized office park in Las Vegas, wireless temperature controls were installed in a few buildings containing around 200 offices, says the media-shy maintenance manager (who did not want his or the company's name to be used). Temperatures in the Nevada desert tend to extremes and landlords are responsible for energy bills, so managing a building's climate makes a difference to the bottom line. The new wireless thermostats allow rooms to be controlled centrally on a PC or over the web. The adjustments that tenants themselves are able to make can be controlled too, so that heating or air-conditioning is not used to excess. The system was cheap to put in, mainly because it required very little installation, the manager explains. Tenants are happier and the savings on the energy bills have been considerable, he says; “conservatively 25%”.
一个不愿被报道的维护经理（他不愿意自己或公司的名字被报道）说：“在拉斯维加斯一家中等规模的办公区，无线温度控制器被安装在含有200个办公室的几栋建筑内。”内华达沙漠的温度趋于极端，而房东们得自己为能耗买单，因此管理建筑内的气候对最终盈亏至关重要。新的无线恒温器允许从个人电脑或是网上对房间进行中心控制。房客们自己可以做出的调节也能够得到控制，这样暖气或是空调就不会惯于过度。这个经理解释说：“安装这个系统很便宜，主要是因为所需的安装过程简便。”房客们更高兴，省下的能耗费用也很可观，他说：“保守估计有25%”。
[attach]2444[/attach] 漫画作者：贝尔•梅勒（Belle Mellor）
These uses of wireless are just the beginning. Sensors are not only being added to devices that already have electronics on them, but being put on to things that were formerly bare of any technology at all. For example, they are being fitted to buildings, bridges and roads to monitor their structural integrity. The sensors can identify stress and early cracks that need attention. Sensors are also being used to monitor the environment. Scientists now use them to measure the climate in areas that would have been impractically small when sensors were more costly—say under individual plants rather than in a thicket.
无线系统的这些用途仅仅是一个开始。传感器不仅可以被添加到已有电子器件的设备上，也可以被添加到以前根本不含任何技术的东西上。例如，它们被安装到建筑、桥梁、公路上来监控这些设施的结构整体性。传感器可以识别压力和需要注意的早期裂缝。传感器也正被用于监测环境。现在科学家利用它们来测量某一范围的气候——比方说个别植物下的气候而不是灌木丛里的气候。现在测量的范围在过去就显得过小而无法实现，那时传感器要贵得多。
Wireless sensors are also cropping up on farms, to measure temperature, moisture and light on tracts of land where wired sensors cannot easily go. Among the first big users are vintners, because their crop is particularly valuable and even small variations in climate can ruin it. Ranch Systems, for instance, supplies equipment and software to a dozen vineyards in Northern California. A fleet of sensors allows growers to monitor wind, water and soil and air temperature. This helps them set the watering schedule to suit the different needs of each part of the vineyard and manage frost, disease and pests, explains Jacob Christfort, the founder. “It is a little like da Vinci and the helicopter,” he says, referring to the artist's famous sketches that presaged later inventions. “These things were conceptually possible all along, but some mundane advances are required before it all comes together and somebody actually does it.”
无线传感器也正突然出现在农田里，用以在广阔的土地上测量温度、湿度和亮度，在这里有线传感器铺设起来很费力气。葡萄酒商是最早的大用户之一，因为它们的作物特别贵重，即使是气候的一些微小变化也可能毁了这些作物。例如：大农场系统（Ranch Systems）给加利福尼亚北部12个葡萄园提供设备和软件。一系列的传感器让种植者们可以监测风向、水分、土壤和气温。创始人雅各布•克里斯福特解释说：“这将帮助他们制定灌溉进度来适应葡萄园的各个部分的不同需要以及应付霜冻、疾病和害虫。”他说：“这有点儿像达•芬奇和直升机。”——这儿他提到了画家预言以后发明的著名素描。“这些东西过去一直作为概念上的可能存在，但在它们集合在一起并且有人实际做出以前还必须有一些现实的进展。”
The technology has become so accessible that it is sparking a cottage industry of small entrepreneurial firms. Moteiv is putting sensors on firemen's uniforms to relay information about the fire and let their colleagues know exactly where they are. The system can even provide the firemen with information such as floor plans, projected onto their masks. Other applications now on sale include wireless home-security systems and wireless beacons for sailors to tell the crew when someone has fallen overboard.
这一技术已经变得极易获得，它触发了由小型创业公司组成的家庭手工业的诞生。摩蒂夫（Moteiv）将传感器安装到消防员的制服上，让它来转送火情信息，让他们的同事知道自己的确切位置。系统甚至可以将建筑平面图这样的信息提供给消防员——投射到他们的防火面具上。其他待售的应用包括无线家庭安全系统和无线信标——让水手在有人落水时用其通知全体船员。
Yet the very diversity of its uses highlights one of the barriers to the development of the technology: they all have to be put together in a bespoke fashion. Wireless technology is so new that it has yet to be simplified and standardised, as most technologies are over time, notes Monica Paolini of Senza Fili Consulting.
然而正是它用途的多样性使得该技术发展的障碍之一变得突出起来：这些用途不得不以定制的方式组合在一起。不做诗人咨询公司（Senza Fili Consulting）的莫妮卡•保利尼指出：无线技术还是一个新事物，未来它仍需简化和标准化。大多数技术随着时间的流逝都经历了这样的过程。
Another complication is that nobody really knows how much stress a collection of wireless sensors will put on a network, other than that it will probably be different from what happens on the internet. Much internet traffic is asymmetric, with computers at the edge of the network receiving hundreds or thousands of times more traffic than they send. A single mouse-click to request a file brings a massive YouTube video in return. With sensor networks this traffic asymmetry is inverted: they send far more data than they receive. Although each individual consignment of data is tiny, they add up. And some sensors send out a steady heartbeat, if only to say “I'm still here!”, which sets off a communications session throughout the network.
除了该网络大概会与因特网的运行机制不同之外，另一个复杂因素就是没有人真的知道一系列的无线传感器会给该网络带来多大的压力。大量的因特网通信是不对称的，网络一端的电脑接收的通信量比它们发送的通信量多出几百倍或是几千倍。轻点一下鼠标请求文件就会返回一个巨大的优兔（YouTube）视频。就传感器网络来说，这种通信量的不对称倒过来了：它们发送的数据要远多于它们接收的数据。尽管每一次数据发送量本身很小，但它们加起来（就很大了）。一些传感器发送出稳定的推动力量——只要说“我还在这儿！”——这将发起贯穿网络的通信会话。
What worries engineers most is how to deal with all the data produced by the sensors. “The good news is that you can get all these data; the bad news is that you have to do something with them,” says Kris Pister, the co-founder of Dust Networks. Efforts are under way to increase the processing power of the sensors so that they can analyse the information themselves rather than just collecting it and passing it on.
最让工程师们担心的就是如何处理传感器产生的所有数据。尘埃网络（Dust Networks）的共同创始人克里斯•皮斯特说：“好消息是你可以得到所有这些数据；坏消息是你必须对它们进行处理。”人们正努力提高传感器的处理能力。这样它们就能自己对信息进行分析，而不仅仅是收集并传递信息。
But this wealth of information creates opportunities as well. Teruyasu Murakami of Nomura Research Institute believes that having things continuously connected to a network will open up new markets and new ways of living. And Bob Karschnia of Emerson Process Management, which designs and builds factory automation systems such as the one at BP's Cherry Point Refinery, digs through the mountains of data to find new ways for businesses to operate. At times, he philosophises about what the technology means. The interconnected machines are akin to the brain's neural pathways, he suggests. “If we are computing and connecting like the brain, we should be able to emulate memory,” he says. “How do you create ‘memories' in the processes of a factory?”
但如此大量的信息也带来了机遇。野村综合研究所（Nomura Research Institute）的村上辉康相信让一切持续不断的连接到网络上将会打开新的市场并开创新的生活方式。艾默生过程管理公司（Emerson Process Management）设计并建造了诸如英国石油公司（BP）切里波因特炼油厂那样的自动控制系统。该公司的鲍勃•卡施尼亚穿过大量的数据来寻找供企业操作的新方法。有时他会对技术的意义进行哲学探讨。他觉得相互连接的机器就类似于大脑的神经通路。他说：“假如我们像大脑那样进行计算和连接，我们就应该能够模仿记忆。你如何才能在工厂的生产过程中创造‘记忆’呢？”
As machines talk to other machines, they may uncover facts and relationships that are not apparent to people. That may enable factories to “learn” and find ways to become more efficient. What happens on the factory floor will make its way, in a different form, to office buildings and homes. The next step is for wireless technology to enter human beings themselves.
在机器之间进行对话时，它们也许会发现对人来说不明显的事实和关系。那也许会使工厂能够“学习”并发现变得更有效率的方法。现在工厂里发生的一切将会在办公楼和家庭里以另一种不同的方式取得进展。下一步就是要让无线技术进入人类自己。
飞到交战地带上方——飞到战场上空
在该地带扔下几千个小型无线传感器——在该地带扔下，建议改为投掷
For power——兄弟翻译为至于动力，个人感觉不是很妥当，我的版本：至于如何获得能量（动力）作者: 一切都不存在 时间: 2007-5-1 08:39
THE military uses for wireless technology无线技术的军事用途，主语是use而不是technology
交战地带、战区、战场，有什么不同吗？
扔下、投掷应该是同义词吧。
power 动力 请参见美国传统词典。就是指无线传感器运行的动力。作者: robinecupl 时间: 2007-5-1 09:34
THE military uses for wireless technology—接受，我看错了，不好意思，不过我认为中文应该有余地简练一下吧
交战地带、战区、战场，有什么不同吗？——从纯中文的角度来看，肯定是有不同的。我个人的理解：交战地带的范围可大可小，战区一般是官方的说法，而战场范围相对比战区小的多，我在这里提出意见不是强调这个区分，而是希望能够用此尽量准确，找到合适的语境来用适当的词语。而且我强调一点，就是应该用比较通俗、书面的话来表达准确地含义。兄弟翻译没有大毛病，不过给我的感觉是不舒服的。
扔下、投掷应该是同义词吧。——确实是同义词，但是我个人认为应该用比较书面的语言来表达准确的含义。兄弟认为呢
power 动力 请参见美国传统词典。就是指无线传感器运行的动力。估计兄弟是用了金山词霸的缘故，我估计是，我没有否定兄弟翻译的版本，不过我跟个人认为应该把缺少的成文，至少是中文的部分补充出来，如果兄弟不相信，可以把中文读读看，会感觉兄弟的版本比较突兀。
欢迎继续讨论作者: 一切都不存在 时间: 2007-5-1 09:53
1、
war zone 牛津 交战区
朗文 战区
简明英汉 交战地带，战区
正如您所说战场的范围要比war zone 要小。
战场应该是war field
sensor networks use small chips that are often embedded into the device and use a local-area network that may never connect to a larger one such as the cellular system or the internet.
传感器网络却使用一般植入装置的小芯片和也许从不接入像蜂窝系统或是因特网这样更大网络的局域网。
这里是否可以把英语的长句 分拆翻译.
我的版本.而传感器网络却使小芯片植入设备中,并且使用局域网,而改网可能不需接入更大的蜂窝系统和英特网.
still maturing 继续成熟
我的版本 正在研发中(意译)
7.finds its way 是习语
Reach a destination, especially with some difficulty or not as a matter of course. For example, She finally found her way to the remote cabin, or Some slang phrases have found their way into standard English. The literal use of this term dates from the 1200s, the figurative from the early 1800s.
无意间每6个铝罐就有一个是用其炼成的
我的版本 仔细找的话可以发现每6个铝罐就有一个是用其炼成的。
的切里波因特炼油厂去一瞥正在使用的新无线技术的风采(好)。
风采 这里加词加的好.
为了操作、安全和环境(目的)删去，油罐区必须得到监控。
目的是否可以删去.
snaking wires
snaking
(engineering) Towing a load with a long cable.
但在这样大的区域铺设电缆耗资巨大。
这里不是 铺设 而是 架设
9. big leap forward
‘(向前的)巨大飞跃
我想没人会认为是向后的吧,所以"向前的"是否可以删去
不符合中文表达.
恶劣的工业环境中更加可靠
恶劣的工业环境 翻的好
10.Earlier wireless technologies assumed that sensors would send data to a specific receiver, in a hub-and-spoke fashion.
早期的无线技术假定传感器以星型模式将数据发送到一个特定的接收机上。
hub-and-spoke hub-and-spoke
IN BRIEF: n. - A system of air transportation in which local airports offer air transportation to a central airport where long-distance flights are available.
星型模式 不明白
我的版本是: 早期的无线技术运用与不同机场间的空运系统,其传感器将数据发送到一个特定的接收机上
ASSUMED 作采用解。
hub-and-spoke 没有直接中文意思,所以查词典后就意译了.
15
but being put on to things that were formerly bare of any technology at all.
也可以被添加到以前根本不含任何(电子)技术的东西上。
这里是否可以加上"电子" 和前文对应
would have been impractically small
impractically 无法实现
我的版本:现在测量的范围在过去就显得过小而(不切实际),那时传感器要贵得多。
16
light on tracts of land where wired sensors cannot easily go.
用以在广阔的土地上测量温度、湿度和亮度，在这里有线传感器铺设起来很费力气。
light on 习语
light on
Also, light upon. Happen upon, come across, discover. For example, John was delighted to light on a new solution to the problem, or We were following the path when suddenly we lit upon a cave. [Second half of 1400s]
我的版本
用以在广阔的土地上测量温度、湿度，当然也包括有线传感器不容意到达的土地。
but some mundane advances are required before it all comes together and somebody actually does it
但在它们集合在一起并且有人实际做出以前还必须有一些现实的进展。”
我把句子拆开了
但在它们集合在一起前仍需一些现实的进展。当然人们已经开始行动了.
18
Senza Fili Consulting.
不做诗人
:lol :lol 强,精彩.
大多数技术随着时间的流逝都经历了这样的过程(好)。
都经历了这样的过程 加的好
一些短语的总结,LZ可以编辑在文章下面,方便大学学习
makes a difference
bottom line
find one's way
snaking (′snāk·iŋ)
hub-and-spoke
light on
floor plans
2、light on to see or find sth by accident偶然发现，偶然遇见
His eye lit upon a small boat on the horizon.他无意间看见地平线上有一条小船。
按您的说法
Wireless sensors are also cropping up on farms, to measure temperature, moisture and light on tracts of land where wired sensors cannot easily go.
无线传感器也正突然出现在农田里，用以测量温度、湿度，偶然发现广阔的土地，在这里有线传感器铺设起来很费力气。
10.Earlier wireless technologies assumed that sensors would send data to a specific receiver, in a hub-and-spoke fashion.
早期的无线技术假定传感器以星型模式将数据发送到一个特定的接收机上。
hub-and-spoke hub-and-spoke
IN BRIEF: n. - A system of air transportation in which local airports offer air transportation to a central airport where long-distance flights are available.
星型模式 不明白
我的版本是: 早期的无线技术运用与不同机场间的空运系统,其传感器将数据发送到一个特定的接收机上
ASSUMED 作采用解。
hub-and-spoke 没有直接中文意思,所以查词典后就意译了.
.finds its way 是习语
Reach a destination, especially with some difficulty or not as a matter of course. For example, She finally found her way to the remote cabin, or Some slang phrases have found their way into standard English. The literal use of this term dates from the 1200s, the figurative from the early 1800s.
无意间每6个铝罐就有一个是用其炼成的
我的版本 仔细找的话可以发现每6个铝罐就有一个是用其炼成的。
理解错误。
自己找本牛津来查。
find its way 上面的英语解释是对的，可你理解错了。牛津上面有汉语解释，去查查。
light on 也是。作者: hopestone 时间: 2007-5-1 14:19 标题: 谢谢纠正
light on 看了一下,确实有偶然发现的意思,自己疏忽了.
hub-and-spoke 这里是个技术问题.事实上对于英文意思的技术也不是很明白.
数字铁丝网 自己确实有点乱来.
只是觉得仅用网络的话,不能表达原文的意思.
find one's way 没有查到.能否告知其中文意思.
谢谢作者: 一切都不存在 时间: 2007-5-1 15:02
light on 在这里根本不是idiom 。偶然发现根本说不通。作者: 一切都不存在 时间: 2007-5-1 15:04
意思就在我的译文中，自己看吧作者: hopestone 时间: 2007-5-1 15:43
light on 当时查的是ANSWER.com
有idiom和wordnet两种解释
wordnet有偶然发现的意思
当时直接就用了IDIOM的解释,确实没有注意wordnet.
给LZ进行了误判 抱歉.
find one's way 作"无意间"解.作者: 一切都不存在 时间: 2007-5-1 16:58
牛津第6版646页
find your/its way(to/into......)
to come to a place or a situation by chance or without intending to
偶然来到，无意间处于
He eventually found his way into acting.
他弄到最后竟干起了演艺这一行。
